3,071 research outputs found
Neutrino flavor instabilities in a time-dependent supernova model
A dense neutrino medium such as that inside a core-collapse supernova can
experience collective flavor conversion or oscillations because of the
neutral-current weak interaction among the neutrinos. This phenomenon has been
studied in a restricted, stationary supernova model which possesses the
(spatial) spherical symmetry about the center of the supernova and the
(directional) axial symmetry around the radial direction. Recently it has been
shown that these spatial and directional symmetries can be broken spontaneously
by collective neutrino oscillations. In this paper we analyze the neutrino
flavor instabilities in a time-dependent supernova model. Our results show that
collective neutrino oscillations start at approximately the same radius in both
the stationary and time-dependent supernova models unless there exist very
rapid variations in local physical conditions on timescales of a few
microseconds or shorter. Our results also suggest that collective neutrino
oscillations can vary rapidly with time in the regimes where they do occur
which need to be studied in time-dependent supernova models.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, version to appear in PL
On Optimal Turbo Decoding of Wideband MIMO-OFDM Systems Under Imperfect Channel State Information
We consider the decoding of bit interleaved coded modulation (BICM) applied
to both multiband and MIMO OFDM systems for typical scenarios where only a
noisy (possibly very bad) estimate of the channel is provided by sending a
limited number of pilot symbols. First, by using a Bayesian framework involving
the channel a posteriori density, we adopt a practical decoding metric that is
robust to the presence of channel estimation errors. Then this metric is used
in the demapping part of BICM multiband and MIMO OFDM receivers. We also
compare our results with the performance of a mismatched decoder that replaces
the channel by its estimate in the decoding metric. Numerical results over both
realistic UWB and theoretical Rayleigh fading channels show that the proposed
method provides significant gain in terms of bit error rate compared to the
classical mismatched detector, without introducing any additional complexity
Dendrochronological study of Cedrus deodar Grown at Kumrat valley Dir Upper KPK, Pakistan: Evaluation of Tree Age and Increment Based on Increment Core
The present research was conducted for tree-rings study in a mixed stand of Himalayan Species Credur deodar in Kumrat valley Dir Upper KPK, Pakistan. Tree-rings analysis was related to the counting of tree ring. Random sampling method was used, and 70 sample trees were selected, tree heights and diameters were measured, and increment cores were collected from each sample-tree diameter at the height at breast point to be analyzed and studied in the laboratory. The objectives of the study were to determine the exact age of tree and to evaluate total and mean annual increment in the basal area and tree volume based on the increment cores. Regression models revealed the impacts of tree age on the basal area and tree-volume increment. Results showed the minimum basal-area increment was 0.0028 m2 at the age of 10 years, the maximum basal-area increment was 2.658 m2 at the age of 60 years, with mean was 0.95±0.677 m2 at the age of 36 years and R2 was 0.9593. The maximum tree-volume increment was 1.42 m3 at the age of 60 years, the minimum tree-volume increment was 0.010 m3 at the age of 10 years, with mean was 1.35±0.96 m3 at the age of 36 years and R2 was 0.9167. The minimum mean annual-basal area increment was 0.0027 m2, the maximum mean annual-basal area increment was 0.048 m2, and the average increment was 0.022±0.010 m2. The maximum mean-annual increment in tree volume was 0.068 m3 at the age of 60 years, the minimum mean-annual increment was 0.0039 m3 at the age of 10 years, with mean was 0.032±0.014 m3 at the age of 36 years and R2 was 0.8903. Results showed a strong positive relationship of tree age with area and volume increment.
Keywords: Basal area, increment, tree age, volum
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